Chaturvedi, a 1987 batch IAS officer of Madhya Pradesh, has been appointed for a period of five years, an official order said.
The post of CBSE Chairman had been lying vacant since December 2014.
Earlier, ACC had rejected the candidate recommended for the post of CBSE chief by the HRD Ministry when Union minister Smriti Irani was at the helm of its affairs.
Officials said Sarvendra Vikram Bahadur Singh's name was forwarded by the HRD Ministry when Smriti Irani was in charge but ACC did not accept the proposal.