Those exposed to the fumes had difficulty breathing, nausea and headaches. They were treated at hospitals.
The disaster prevention department said 139 villagers and students were exposed to the fumes before the areas near the eastern seaport were evacuated.
"The hazardous flammable liquids leaked early today morning when a container fell onto the liquid tank on the Hong Kong ship that was anchored at a dock in Laem Chabang industrial seaport in Chonburi province," said Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Department Director-General Chatchai Promlert in a statement.
Laem Chabang is Thailand's main deep seaport and is 116 kilometers (72 miles) southeast of Bangkok.