Xi is on a Latin American charm offensive to secure bilateral trade deals -- particularly coveted raw materials -- from governments throughout the region.
China is Argentina's third-largest trading partner behind the South American Mercosur bloc and the European Union, and one of its main destinations for food exports.
"Our two countries find themselves at a historic crossroads," said Xi, as he met with Vice President Amado Boudou and the heads of both chambers of Argentina's legislature.
Yesterday, the first day of his three-day visit, the Chinese leader called their relationship one of "integral strategic importance" for both sides.
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Xi and President Cristina Kirchner signed more than 20 trade deals, with additional ones expected to be announced today.
Among yesterday's agreements was a bilateral "strategic partnership," similar to others signed with emerging nations such as Brazil.
"I want to emphasise that we have signed an agreement to raise the level of our relations in order to turn them into a strategic partnership, along with investments in oil, mining, the nuclear field, agriculture and plant diseases," Xi said at the Casa Rosada presidential complex.
China will contribute USD 4.4 billion toward the construction of two hydroelectric dams in Argentina's southern Santa Cruz province and an additional USD 2.1 billion to remodel strategic rail transportation for carrying goods, especially food.
It will also contribute USD 423 million for the construction of 11 ships.
"In today's world, the best opportunities occur for emerging nations, as demonstrated in the recent BRICS summit in Brasilia," Kirchner said.
Xi also was in Brazil this week for a summit of the BRICS group of emerging powers -- Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa -- and South American presidents.