Liu, who won gold in the 110-meter hurdles at the 2004 Athens Olympics, made the announcement on his personal social media account. He cited incompatibility as the reason for the divorce.
"We are ending this marriage today," he wrote. "We hope we can each have a better life from now on. We bless each other."
The 31-year-old Shanghai native married Ge in September last year after a four-month courtship.
Within two hours of his announcement, there were about 100,000 comments on his account, mostly showing support for the former athlete.
He retired from athletics in April.