Sihai Cheng, 34, was arrested on February 7 at London's Heathrow Airport.
London's Metropolitan Police force said Cheng had already appeared at a court in the capital and was awaiting his next appearance.
US prosecutors say Shanghai-based Cheng conspired with Seyed Abolfazl Shahab Jamili of Tehran and the Iranian companies Nicaro Eng. Co. And Eyvaz Technic Manufacturing Co. to export US-made pressure transducers.
The devices, which are a type of sensor, can be used in gas centrifuges to "convert natural uranium into a form that can be used for nuclear weapons," the indictment said yesterday.
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Publicly available photographs of Iran's Natanz enrichment facility show "numerous" MKS pressure transducers attached to Iran's gas centrifuge cascades, the indictment said.
Cheng began doing business with Jamili and Nicaro around November 2005 and had since sold the Iranian national thousands of Chinese-manufactured parts with nuclear applications, according to US prosecutors.
Jamili, in turn, informed Cheng via email that the customer for the parts was in fact Eyvaz, which was supplying the material to the Iranian government. Cheng subsequently sent the parts directly to Eyvaz at times.
Between April 2009 and January 2011, Cheng then placed orders for more than 1,000 MKS pressure transducers for a value of more than USD 1.8 million.
Most orders included 30 to 100 units, as Jamili warned Cheng of "critical control condition and boycott by USA government," the indictment said.
Western powers and Israel suspect Iran is covertly pursuing a nuclear weapons capability alongside its civilian program, charges adamantly denied by Tehran.
Iran's oil-reliant economy has struggled under US-led sanctions aimed at curtailing its nuclear ambitions.