Police said up to 1,500 supporters turned out as Khaleda Zia, who served two turns as Bangladesh's prime minister, appeared in court seeking to have her case postponed.
"We secured the court premises for security and barred unwarranted people, but her supporters got angry and threw stones at police, forcing us to retaliate," additional commissioner of police Mehedi Hasan told AFP.
Hasan said police beat the protesters with batons and fired tear gas and rubber bullets to disperse them.
A photographer was also hurt during the clashes, private television station Channel 24 said.
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Zia, the head of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), is seeking to have two corruption cases against her postponed because the country's highest court is hearing appeals against the legality of the charges.
She and eight of her aides are accused of embezzling more than USD 600,000 meant for orphans and a charitable trust during her second term as prime minister in 2001-6.
Her lawyers say the cases are politically motivated and aimed at keeping Zia and Rahman, her heir apparent in the party, out of politics by her bitter rival, the current prime minister Sheikh Hasina.
Prosecutor Mosharraf Hossain said the court has set September 10 for the next hearing.