The strike on the T-72 tank occurred on Saturday near Al Tabiyeh, in Deir Ezzor province, the Pentagon said in a statement.
"We detected and saw a tank that took a shot at us," Lieutenant General Jeffrey Harrigian, who heads up Air Force operations for the region, told Pentagon reporters.
"It continued to move, so we... executed self-defence rules of engagement to protect ourselves."
For the most part, the US-led coalition has managed to skirt the edges of Syria's civil war by staying focused on the Islamic State group.
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Harrigian was careful to avoid speculating who was inside the tank, though the T-72 is widely used by the Syrian army.
The incident came three days after the US-led coalition killed more than 100 forces loyal to Syrian President Bashar al-Assad after shelling and using tanks to fire at the SDF and coalition advisers.
Several Russians died in Deir Ezzor that day, according to groups representing them.
Major Adrian Rankine-Galloway, a Pentagon spokesman, said the coalition had spoken with Russia via a special hotline prior to the strike "to avoid misperceptions and miscalculations that could endanger each other's forces."
However, many Russian citizens are fighting in Syria as mercenaries working for a private military company called Wagner, according to numerous reports.