An aide to Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev took aim at the companies for their "super-calorific" products in a sideswipe at the United States at a time of high tension between the countries over the conflict in eastern Ukraine.
"The aggressive marketing they carry out -- which has nothing to do with our culinary traditions -- is comparable to a war against our people," said Gennady Onishchenko, speaking to radio station Russkaya Sluzhba Novostei.
Onishchenko was previously Russia's chief sanitation doctor, notorious for imposing sweeping bans on food imports from countries that were Moscow's political foes for alleged hygiene breaches.
"Our children already drink more Coca-Cola than milk. Talking about McDonald's -- they need to change their menu and secondly the culture of food, not snacking or grabbing food, but proper nutrition for a Russian person," he added.
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Also today, a senior ruling-party politician, Alexei Pushkov, urged McDonald's and Coca-Cola, which are both major employers and advertisers in Russia, to pull out of the country.
This was not the first time that McDonald's has come into Moscow's crosshairs.
Russia last year launched sweeping health checks of more than 100 branches of McDonald's and the chain was forced to temporarily close branches including the landmark outlet on Moscow's Pushkin Square which was the first to open in the Soviet Union.
Russia denied that the high-profile checks into the fast-food brand that epitomises the American way of life were politically motivated.
McDonald's earnings in Russia and Ukraine were battered in 2014 as a result of their weak currencies.