The whopping price dwarfed the previous record for the most expensive piece of art sold at auction, set at $179.4 million for Pablo Picasso's "The Women of Algiers (Version O)" by Christie's in 2015.
The auction house says "Salvator Mundi" or "Savior of the World" is one of fewer than 20 Da Vinci paintings in existence that are generally accepted as from the Renaissance master's own hand.
Dated back by the auction house to around 1500, the oil on panel sold after 18 minutes of frenzied bidding in a historic sale, the star lot of the November art season in the US financial capital.
Whoops and applause rippled through the showroom as the bids quickly escalated into unchartered territory, led by rivals on the telephone.
More From This Section
"An historic moment here. We'll wait," said auctioneer Jussi Pylkkanen in a brief pause in bidding at USD 300 million.
He eventually hammered the painting at USD 450 million. The final price came to USD 450.3 million including the buyer's premium.
Dmitry Rybolovlev, the boss of soccer club AS Monaco, accuses Yves Bouvier of conning him out of hundreds of million dollars by overcharging him on a string of deals, and pocketing the difference.
"Salvator Mundi" at been at the heart of that court battle.
Bouvier bought the work at Sotheby's for USD 80 million in 2013. He resold it within days to the Russian tycoon, for USD 127.5 million, netting a USD 47.5 million profit. Bouvier denies any wrongdoing.
Before that it had disappeared for years, previously fetching a mere 45 pounds (USD 60 in today's money) in 1958 as a believed copy.
Christie's said pre-sale that the painting's rarity was difficult to overstate. For years it was presumed to have been destroyed, emerging only in 2005 when it was purchased from a US estate.
"For auction specialists, this is pretty much the Holy Grail," Loic Gouzer, co-chairman of Christie's Americas postwar and contemporary art department, has said. "It doesn't really get better than that.