Jadhav's knock comprised of 21 boundaries and a six and the 35-year-old added a 179 runs with Niraj Patel (70) for the fifth wicket to help his side go past Andhra's first innings total of 297.
Assam lead by 55 runs with 3 wickets remaining in their first innings, at Rural Development Trust Stadium here.
Shankara Rao, Kakani Harish, DP Vijaykumar bagged two wickets each for Andhra, while D Shivkumar claimed one.
Andhra: 297
Assam: 352/7 (Dheeraj Jadhav 158, Niraj Patel 70; Shankara Rao 2/62).