Prosecutors said those detained also include a former public works minister, a former Senate president, two former directors of a regulatory electricity group and a businessman.
They are scheduled to appear in court to face corruption charges.
The suspects were detained after Odebrecht told US prosecutors that it paid USD 92 million in bribes to Dominican officials since 2001 to secure 17 key government contracts.
The company moved its "bribery bureau" to the Dominican Republic from Brazil several years ago and built highways, dams and a coal-burning power plant.
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The bribes were part of an overall USD 788 million that Odebrecht paid to officials in 10 Latin American countries and two African ones to obtain multimillion-dollar contracts with local governments.
While hundreds of charges have been filed against high- level officials in Brazil, Colombia, Panama and Peru, Monday's arrests mark the first time anyone in the Dominican Republic is detained in the Odebrecht case.
The company's contracts in the Dominican Republic since 2001 totaled $5 billion, or 7 percent of the Caribbean country's annual GDP. Fifteen of the 17 contracts were awarded during the 13-year tenure of President Danilo Medina's Dominican Liberation Party, now led by former President Leonel Fernandez.
Fernandez has refused to discuss the bribes. Meanwhile, Medina has created a special commission to investigate the bidding process but also defended a deal that allowed Odebrecht executives to avoid prosecution.