Lawmakers in the 150-seat Lower House were recalled from summer recess to attend the debate in The Hague, where the opposition laid into the Dutch premier.
Rutte "betrayed his electorate" by breaking his promise that no more money would go to Greece, far-right eurosceptic politician Geert Wilders told lawmakers.
"Every time they believe Europe's 'junkie', Greece... The Greeks get their money, not the Dutch elderly, but the Greeks," Wilders said, who proposed a vote of no confidence in the Dutch cabinet.
Cabinet, led by Rutte's liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) and its junior Labour (PVdA) partner, has backed the latest emergency bailout of 86 billion euros (USD95 billion) approved by eurozone finance ministers last Friday.
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The cabinet -- which includes Eurogroup chairman and Dutch Finance Minister Jeroen Dijsselbloem- does not need parliament backing to approve the massive loan, to which the Netherlands is expected to contribute almost five billion euros.
Dijsselbloem said the decision to support the bailout package had nothing to do with party politics.
"If a country (like Greece) is this close to the abyss, pragmatism is not unwise," Dijsselbloem said.
Rutte's VVD party, which has previously said it would not support the bailout if it did not have the International Monetary Fund's backing, on Tuesday grudgingly agreed to back the package after a lengthy meeting behind closed doors.
The IMF, whose chief Christine Lagarde has called the plan "a very important step forward", has said it will wait until October to decide whether to participate.
"In the end however it's not only in Greece's interest, but in Europe's interest for it to be carried through," Rutte said.
But today in an apparent face-saving move, Rutte's VVD refused to back a motion by D66 leader Alexander Pechtold in favour of the Greek aid package.
Rutte told lawmakers the motion was "superfluous" as the cabinet had already given the bailout package the green light.