Hundreds of poor Egyptians sell their kidneys and livers each year to be able to buy food or pay off debts, according to the United Nations.
The network "agreed with Egyptians to transfer some of their organs to foreign patients in exchange for large sums of money, exploiting people's financial need," the interior ministry said.
Among those arrested were three doctors, four nurses, three hospital workers and two agents, it said in a statement.
The man had sold the organs for $10,000 (8,500 euros). Those operating on him were planning to implant the organs in a patient, the ministry said.
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It did not give further details on the man's condition or say when the arrests took place, but added that the hospital had been closed pending an investigation.
The World Health Organisation in 2010 ranked Egypt among the top five countries in the world trading illegally in organs.
The law aimed to regulate organ transplants and curb illegal trafficking and medical tourism for such operations.
In 2012, then-United Nations refugee agency chief Antonio Guterres warned that migrants in Egypt's Sinai peninsula were being killed for their organs.
Authorities in December arrested 25 people, including doctors and university professors, suspected of being part of an organ trading network.