The men were in a narrow, 50-metre deep shaft on Sumatra island on Monday when heavy rain sent water and earth surging into the mine.
Rescuers have headed to the remote site in Jambi province to hunt for the miners, who were aged between 21 and 55 and had been working in a pit they dug themselves, said police spokesman Kuswahyudi Tresnadi.
He said none were believed to have survived.
Illegal gold mining has boomed in Indonesia in recent years as the price of the precious metal has surged, and deaths are common.
Heavy downpours during Indonesia's months-long rainy season regularly cause landslides, which often bury villages and cause fatalities.