The Australians began the day needing an Ashes-record and improbable 412 to win with plenty of time, but were all out for 242 in 71 overs, an hour after tea.
The visitors were favoured as the Ashes holders, and riding high from a Cricket World Cup triumph, sweep of the West Indies in the Caribbean, and comfortable warmup wins.
But they were out-played on a slow pitch, out-led, and made to pay for errors by an England side which rebounded from a heavy defeat to New Zealand at Leeds in its last Test.
Australia's chase turned on the stroke of lunch, when David Warner was out leg-before to offspinner Moeen Ali for 52.
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Instead of reaching the break at 97-1 with a partnership purring between Warner and Smith at 4.6 runs per over, Australia was dealt a double blow, on the scoreboard and psychologically.
A bolstered England extended lunch for another seven overs by devouring world No. 1-ranked test batsman Steve Smith, captain Michael Clarke, and Adam Voges.
Clarke took until his 12th ball to get off the mark with a boundary off Broad to fine leg, then was out next ball hitting Broad straight to Ben Stokes at backward point. Voges went in the next over, going after fast bowler Mark Wood outside off stump and nicking behind for 1.