Schmidt, who led Volkswagen's US regulatory compliance office from 2012 to March 2015, was also ordered by a federal judge in Detroit to pay a USD 400,000 fine.
He had pleaded guilty in August to charges he conspired to commit fraud and violate the US Clean Air Act.
Schmidt, 48, the second and most senior employee to plead guilty in the affair, is among eight current and former VW executives that US prosecutors have charged so far.
Schmidt has agreed to be deported back to Germany after his sentenced is completed.
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In August, the same court sentenced James Liang, a Volkswagen engineer who had cooperated with investigating authorities, to 40 months and a USD 200,000 fine for his role in the affair. Six VW or Audi executives remain at large.
VW admitted in 2015 to equipping about 11 million cars worldwide with defeat devices, including about 600,000 vehicles in the United States, which allowed them to deceive emissions tests but emit up to 40 times the permissible levels of harmful nitrogen oxide during actual driving.
The scandal has so far reportedly cost the auto giant as much as USD 30 billion in fines, settlements and remediation.
In arguing for a seven-year sentence, prosecutors last month said Schmidt had participated in "one of the largest corporate fraud schemes in American history" and led efforts to cover up the company's misconduct in the summer of 2015.
Schmidt traveled to the US as the scandal was breaking on a mission to lie to US and Californian authorities so Volkswagen could obtain regulatory approvals to sell 2016 model year diesel vehicles in the United States, according to prosecutors.
Defense lawyers had sought a sentence of only 40 months and a USD 100,000 fine, saying Schmidt's participation in the conspiracy had not occurred until nine years after it began and that he had expressed remorse.
In March, VW brought an end to Washington's criminal pursuit of the company, agreeing to pay USD 4.3 billion in civil and criminal fines and plead guilty to charges it likewise had defrauded the United States and violated the Clean Air Act.