Six persons, including four policemen, sustained injuries in the violence.
Anant Ram Rathore, 45, set himself on fire after pouring kerosene to protest against land acquisition for Moser Baer power plant in Anuppur district and the laying of railway tracks on the acquired land, a senior police official said.
The incident took place in Jathari area where the plant is coming up.
Rathore sustained 60 per cent burn injuries and was taken to Jabalpur Medical College hospital, Anuppur superintendent of police Nimish Agrawal said.
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The SP said that four policemen, including Sub Divisional Officer of Police (SDOP) Shivendra Singh Baghel sustained injuries, besides two others.
Police had to fire a few rounds in the air to disperse the mob. The situation is now under control, he said.
The administration has restricted movement in the area.
A case of attempt to murder and 'preventing an official from discharging his official duties' have been filed against unidentified persons and additional force has been deployed, police said.