The woman, a member of the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF), was assaulted near the Defence Ministry on Begin Avenue, police said.
The assailant was shot dead by security forces after attacking passers-by with a screwdriver opposite the IDF headquarters in Tel Aviv, media reports said.
Paramedics said that four people, including the soldier, were lightly wounded in the attack.
Police cordoned off Begin junction, one of the busiest junctions in the city, fearing a second attacker might be on the loose.