The attack in Kaga-Bandoro was likely retaliation for the death on Tuesday of a suspected former Seleka member, the peacekeeping mission said in a statement. Peacekeepers repelled the attackers, killing at least 12 of them, the U.N. mission said.
The UN condemned the violence that saw rebels attack civilians, target authorities and loot aid organizations.
Armed men attacked a secondary school during a teacher training, witnesses told the UN children's agency, saying that among those killed were three teachers, the director of an educational center and the vice president of the parents association.
A local priest said he saw that two humanitarian workers were also among the dead. He spoke on condition of anonymity out of fear for his safety.
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More than 5,000 people already displaced by years of violence have taken refuge next to the UN base, their informal settlements burned, the UN Office for Humanitarian Affairs said.
"There is, today, no legitimate reason for any armed group to use weapons," said the UN mission's chief, Parfait Onanga-Anyanga. "The people have suffered enough and are tired of this war that has lasted too long."
When the rebel leader left power, a backlash by the Christian anti-Balaka militia against Muslim civilians followed.
The sectarian violence has continued, despite a high-profile visit by Pope Francis last year to appeal for calm.
Hundreds of former Seleka fighters have regrouped in Kaga-Bandoro, along with Muslim civilians, after fleeing the capital, Bangui, two years ago.
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