Experts say the coin, known as the "Birch Cent," is about twice the size of a modern penny.
The coin features a portrait of 'Miss Liberty', a woman with flowing hair, and the words 'Liberty, Parent of Science & Industry'.
According to the auction house Stack's Bowers Galleries, the coin was made in 1792, months after the one-cent denomination was first authorised by Congress, CNN reported.
Thomas Jefferson and George Washington discussed the design in letters dated August 1792, before it was presented to Congress as an option for the new coin.
The auction house declined to release the name of the winning bidder.
Another coin, an 1861 half-dollar made by the Confederate States of America, sold for USD 646,250 at the auction.