The court said US law prohibits people who are unlawfully in America from obtaining professional licenses. The justices said state law can override the federal ban, but Florida has taken no action to do so.
"Simply stated, current federal law prohibits this court from issuing a license to practise law to an unlawful or unauthorised immigrant," the court wrote.
Godinez-Samperio was represented by his former law professor, Sandy D'Alemberte, who is a former American Bar Association president.
Godinez-Samperio received a work permit in 2012 as part of President Barack Obama's Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program, which halted the deportation of immigrants brought to the United States as children. He is working as a paralegal at Gulf Coast Legal Services, which provides free legal help to low-income people in the Tampa Bay area.
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"If I were able to practise law I would be able to help so many immigrants navigate the legal system," he said.
Justice Jorge Labarga expressed disappointment in the decision even though he reluctantly agreed with it. He called the situation an injustice and mentioned Godinez-Samperio's was an Eagle Scout and the valedictorian of his high school.
The Board of Bar Examiners in Florida found no reason to deny Godinez-Samperio a license but asked the state's high court for guidance because of his immigration status.
Similar cases have played out in other US states. Earlier this year, the California Supreme Court granted a law license to Sergio Garcia, who arrived in the US from Mexico as a teenager to pick almonds with his father. But that ruling was only after the state approved a law that allows immigrants in the country illegally to obtain the license.