The case makes the former speaker one of the highest-ranking American politicians ever sentenced to prison.
The visibly angry judge repeatedly rebuked the 74-year-old before issuing the 15-month sentence, telling him that his abuse devastated the lives of victims and would probably make it harder than ever for parents to trust other adults with their children.
As he did for much of the hearing, Hastert sat unmoving in a wheelchair, peering over the top of his glasses, his hands folded before him.
Earlier this month, prosecutors went into graphic detail about the sex-abuse allegations, even describing how Hastert would sit in a recliner in the locker room with a direct view of the showers.
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The victims, prosecutors said, were boys between 14 and 17. Hastert was in his 20s and 30s.
"I am deeply ashamed to be standing here," he said, reading from a statement. "I know why I am here ... I mistreated some of the athletes that I coached." He added: "They looked up to me, and I took advantage of them."
Hastert pleaded guilty last fall to violating banking law as he sought to pay USD 3.5 million to someone referred to in court papers only as Individual A to keep the sex abuse secret.