"I want... A clear condemnation of these crimes in a resolution from the UN Security Council... That places the perpetrators under sanctions," Ayrault said.
The minister's comments came a day after UN experts said in a report that the Syrian army had attacked a village with chemical weapons in 2015. The Islamic State group has also been accused of using mustard gas as a weapon.
"The Syrian army and Daesh have used chemical weapons against civilians on at least three occasions," Ayrault said, using an Arabic acronym to refer to IS.
"France will not accept that the use of chemical weapons in Syria, which has now been proven beyond doubt... Should remain unpunished," he said.
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"We call on all our partners in the Security Council to assume their responsibility."
The United States, Britain and France have repeatedly called for sanctions, particularly against the Syrian regime, over the use of chemical weapons in the five-year conflict.
However President Bashar al-Assad's main backer Russia, a permanent Security Council member, has cast doubt on the UN experts' findings, claiming that they are not sufficiently conclusive to warrant sanctions.
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