Prime Minister Edouard Philippe told lawmakers that France's debt had reached "an unbearable level," putting the country "at the mercy of financial markets."
He said there will be expenses cuts but pledged not to raise taxes.
Philippe won the vote in France's lower house of parliament by 370-67. Besides getting support from President Emmanuel Macron's party which has a wide majority after a landslide win last month he also got votes from centrist allies and even some conservative lawmakers.
Philippe pledged to stop increasing the number of state employees, to focus the government on its main priorities and to stop spending money on policies that don't deliver results.
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Last week the country's national audit office said France's budget deficit could reach 3.2 percent above the EU limit for the 10th consecutive year in 2017 if no measures are taken.
Philippe said by choosing Macron, French voters showed they "are attached to the European Union and the euro. They want a more concrete, less fussy and more protective Europe."
Philippe pushed for the labor reform Macron has promised to pass by the end of the summer that aims to boost job creation, since French unemployment has been hovering around 10 percent for years. Unions, however, fear it strips hard- earned worker protections.
The government next week will outline new measures to handle Europe's migrant crisis, seeking a balance between helping refugees and controlling illegal immigration, Philippe said.
In an effort to keep fighting terrorists, France's military budget next year will increase spending on defense to 2 percent of GDP by 2025.
Far-right lawmaker Marine Le Pen, who lost her presidential bid to Macron, said his economic plans would produce "very tough consequences to buying power" for French citizens. She also criticized the government for submitting to EU demands to lower public spending.
"We know what that means ... The progressive, continued disappearance of public services," she said.