She will take up her position on July 17.
Furlong is the current Head of Sport at Hanover Sport with clients including England and Wales Cricket Board, NFL and Asian Football Confederation.
Prior to Hanover, she ran her own consultancy for a number of years with a range of clients including England team, for whom she led the media operation at Glasgow 2014.
Furlong has also worked as Head of Marketing and Communications for UK Athletics, during which time she spearheaded London's successful campaign for the hosting of the 2017 World Athletics Championship.
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Commenting on her appointment, Furlong said: "I am delighted to be joining the ICC at an exciting time with a strategic review underway that is focused on improving both governance and cricket structures.
"I am looking forward to working with cricketing colleagues at both the ICC and around the world as we collectively look forward to taking on the exciting challenges that lie ahead."
ICC Chief Executive David Richardson said Furlong would bring in a lot of experience.
The ICC said it has received Manohar's resignation and will comment after taking stock of the situation.
"The ICC has confirmed it has received an email from Chairman Shashank Manohar tendering his resignation. The ICC Board will assess the situation and next steps before making a further announcement," the world body stated in a brief press release.