Researchers from the University of Adelaide have been investigating the gene, known as USP9X, for more than a decade, and in recent years scientists have begun to understand its particular importance to brain development.
In a new paper published in the American Journal of Human Genetics, an international research team led by the University of Adelaide's Robinson Research Institute explained how mutations in USP9X are associated with intellectual disability.
These mutations, which can be inherited from one generation to the next, have been shown to cause disruptions to normal brain cell functioning.
Jolly said the base framework for the brain's complex network of cells begins to form at the embryo stage.
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"Not surprisingly, disorders that cause changes to this network of cells, such as intellectual disabilities, epilepsy and autism, are hard to understand, and treat," Jolly said.
"By looking at patients with severe learning and memory problems, we discovered a gene - called USP9X - that is involved in creating this base network of nerve cells.
"This work is critical to understanding how the brain develops, and how it is altered in individuals with brain disorders.
"We hope that by learning more about genes such as USP9X, we will create new opportunities to understand brain disorders at a much deeper level than currently known, which could lead to future treatment opportunities," Jolly added.