The law is the first of a host of previously planned security measures which Chancellor Angela Merkel's government wants to speedily pass through parliament in the coming weeks following the bloodshed in France.
"The horrific events in Paris... Showed once more, in a depressing manner, that we must strongly defend our democratic constitutional order with all legal means against international terrorism, fanaticism and radicalisation," said Merkel's spokesman Steffen Seibert.
Suspects will instead be handed replacement ID cards for periods of up to three years that are stamped with a no-travel advisory in several languages.
More than 600 German citizens have taken part in the fighting in Syria and Iraq, and about 60 have died there, the newspaper Rheinische Post reported, citing security sources.
About 180 are believed to have returned to Germany.