The move will boost government revenue by about Rs 13,000 crore to contain budget deficit.
With a steep fall in international crude prices, oil marketing firms were expected to cut retail fuel prices by about Re 1 a litre with effect from November 16 after a fortnightly review.
Indian Oil Corp (IOC), the nation's largest fuel retailer, said the excise duty hike will not be passed on to consumers and will be adjusted against the reduction in rates that was due this weekend.
Excise duty on normal or unbranded petrol was hiked from Rs 1.20 per litre to Rs 2.70 per litre and unbranded diesel from Rs 1.46 a litre to Rs 2.96, a government notification said.
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The same on branded petrol was raised from Rs 2.35 a litre to Rs 3.85 a litre and on branded diesel from Rs 3.75 to Rs 5.25 per litre.
"For the moment, we are not passing on the increase in excise duty. It is being absorbed by companies and will be adjusted against review in rates which was due on Saturday," IOC Chairman B Ashok said.
Before the duty hike, petrol's cost was Rs 64.25 a litre in Delhi and diesel's Rs 53.35 a litre. They will continue to be priced at the same rates.
"There is no increase in retail prices," he said.