The men, members of the minority Hazara ethnic group, were taken yesterday evening in Zabul province, on the road between the western city of Herat and the capital Kabul.
Hazara Shiite Muslims are often the target of sectarian violence at the hands of Sunni Muslim extremists in Pakistan and Afghanistan.
"Our driver saw a group of masked men in Afghan army uniform signalling him and he thought they were soldiers so he stopped," said Nasir Ahmad, an official with the Ghazni Paima bus company, told AFP.
Ahmad said the kidnappers took only the men on the two buses and released the women and children travelling with them.
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No one immediately claimed responsibility for the abduction, but kidnappings for ransom by bandits, local militias and the Taliban are common in Afghanistan.
There have been fears recently that the influence of the Islamic State group, which has a strongly anti-Shiite agenda, could be growing in Afghanistan.
Interior ministry spokesman Sediq Sediqqi said the police were "doing everything to ensure their safe release".