The incident occurred in Dasht area of Mastung district, officials told the media.
Police said a group of labourers were busy working on a government road project when they were fired upon by unidentified gunmen.
While, five of them were killed instantly, five others died later in hospital.
No group claimed responsibility for the attack though such incidents are usually blamed on Baloch nationalist groups.
Separatists and militants have been constantly targeting either non-native workers from other provinces or Shia Hazara Muslims in the troubled province.
Capital Quetta remains under constant fire with target killing incidents and bomb blasts taking lives on a regular basis.
Security in the Mastung district has been beefed up and troops of police and Levies troops have been deployed in the area.
In another incident in Quetta, three members of the Hazara community were also killed and four others were injured when the cab they were travelling in came under fire in the Killi Mubarak area.