Haddin replaces former Australia batsman Greg Blewett, who has taken up a position with the South Australian Cricket Association.
Haddin, 39, has coached the Australia A side and was an assistant coach during Australia's tour of New Zealand earlier this year.
He also had a stint with Islamabad in the Pakistan Premier League.
His first assignment will be Australia's two-Test tour to Bangladesh later this month.
"I grew up in an era of players like Andrew Symonds and Ricky Ponting who gave Australian cricket a real identity in the standards of world-class fielding," Haddin said in a statement.
Haddin played 66 Tests, taking 262 catches, and playing 126 one-day internationals, and 34 T20 Internationals for Australia before retiring in 2015.