The court yesterday ruled that the state Board of Land and Natural Resources should not have issued a permit for the telescope before it held a hearing to evaluate a petition by a group challenging the project's approval.
A group of universities in California and Canada plan to build Thirty Meter Telescope with partners from China, India and Japan.
The ruling sends the case back to the board for a new hearing.
Thirty Meter Telescope was constructing the telescope on land that is held sacred to some Native Hawaiians. Scientists say the location is ideal for the telescope, which could allow them to see into the earliest years of the universe.
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The 13 telescopes already in place on the summit of Mauna Kea, Hawaii's highest point, have played major roles in discoveries considered among the most significant to astronomy.
All of the highest points in the islands are considered the home of deities, said Kealoha Pisciotta, a protest organiser during an interview in June.
In the past, only high chiefs and priests were allowed at Mauna Kea's summit.
Astronomers often use many different telescopes in locations around the world to draw their conclusions. But Guenther Hasinger, director of the Institute for Astronomy at the University of Hawaii, said during an interview with The Associated Press in August that "there is almost no major astronomical discovery where there was not very important input from the telescopes on Mauna Kea."