Researchers from the University of Maryland School of Medicine (UM SOM) in the US focused on a particular brain area, the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus.
This region acts as the brain's internal clock, determining when we feel like going to sleep, how long we sleep, and when we feel like getting up, researchers said.
Within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), they focused on certain ion channels, proteins that conduct electrical current, relaying information from one neuron to another.
They examined mice, whose schedule is opposite to humans - they sleep during the day and are awake at night.
Also Read
Researchers found that BK channels are active during waking, which for the mice was at night; during the day the BK channels were inactive. In this daytime context, the role of the BK channels is to inhibit wakefulness, they said.
Researchers examined normal mice, along with mice that had been genetically altered so that their BK channels could not be inactivated.
This was unusual, because mice generally sleep during the day, researchers said.
"We knew that BK channels were widely important throughout the body. But now we have strong evidence that they are specifically and intrinsically involved in the wake-sleep cycle," said Andrea Meredith from UM SOM.
In the past, scientists had thought that the day-night pattern of firing was largely driven by a different mechanism, the number of ion channels that exist on the surface of SCN neurons.
The discovery has clinical implications. The new understanding of the inactivation mechanism could potentially be used to develop drugs that target circadian rhythms.
Such a medication could be used to treat sleep disorders, jet lag, and seasonal affective disorder, all of which involve problems with the SCN circadian clock, Meredith said.
The findings were published in the journal Nature Communications.