The two leaders held comprehensive discussions on bilateral, regional and international issues of mutual interest and concern.
At a joint press event with Turnbull, Modi said they reviewed the entire gamut of ties and took many "forward-looking" decisions including one on an early holding of the next round of talks on a comprehensive economic cooperation agreement (CECA).
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Emphasising on peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific region, Modi said challenges like terrorism and cyber-security require global strategy and solutions.
The two sides inked a pact to boost counter-terrorism cooperation which was signed between the Ministry of Home Affairs and its counterpart Australian ministry.
While Modi noted that Australia was ready to supply uranium to India, Turnbull said his government was looking forward to exporting uranium to India "as soon as possible".
Turnbull arrived on Sunday on a four-day visit, his first to the country after assuming office in 2015.