Estimated at around 500,000, "Indians make up the largest community in Qatar... Twice the number of Qatari nationals," said Ali bin Sumaikh al-Marri, head of the National Human Rights Committee, which is close to the government.
The gas-rich Gulf state has faced mounting criticism from human rights groups over the safety and working conditions of migrants working in its booming construction industry.
In response to a Right to Information request filed by AFP, the Indian embassy in Qatar gave figures detailing the number of deaths in 2012 and the first 11 months of 2013.
"If we look at the numbers of Qataris who died ... Of natural causes ... Over the past two years, we see that numbers of deaths among the Indian community are normal," Marri told AFP.
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He demanded clarifications on the circumstances of the reported deaths, insisting that there is a "campaign against Qatar."
The embassy did not give any details about the circumstances of the deaths, but the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) said the data showed an "exceptionally high mortality rate."
An official at the Nepalese embassy in Doha told AFP last month that 191 deaths had been registered in 2013, many of them from "unnatural" heart failure, compared with 169 the year before.