The remarks by Hamid Aboutalebi, President Hassan Rouhani's deputy chief of staff for political affairs, come as six major powers, including Britain, seek a nuclear deal with the Islamic republic.
Aboutalebi complained that in the negotiations that led to a framework accord last month Britain had taken a back seat, and called for a more active role in the efforts under way to reach a full agreement by June 30.
"British policy in the region and on the nuclear issue in recent years has been far from the capacities of that country and has been overshadowed by American policy," he tweeted.
Aboutalebi's remarks were the first significant reaction from a senior Iranian official to Cameron's poll win in which he defied predictions to clinch a narrow majority without needing to rely on coalition partners, as he did in his first term of office.
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The nuclear talks have sped a thaw in British-Iranian relations which plummeted in 2011 when a mob protesting against Western sanctions ransacked the embassy in Tehran. It has yet to reopen.
Aboutalebi called for greater British engagement with Iran.
"The US in regard to the Iranian nuclear issue has chosen pragmatic interaction," he tweeted. "Britain should also start a change and interact with Iran.