The encounter unfolded in international air space as the F/A-18E Super Hornet was preparing to land on the USS Nimitz, US Naval Forces Central Command spokesman Commander Bill Urban said.
He said that despite repeated radio calls to stay clear of flight operations near the Nimitz, the Iranian drone executed "unsafe and unprofessional" altitude changes near the F/A 18.
The US jet had to maneuver to avoid collision, with the drone passing just 100 feet away at its closest point.
He added this was the 13th "unsafe and/or unprofessional" interaction between US and Iranian maritime forces this year.
In July, a US Navy patrol ship fired warning shots at an Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps boat in the Gulf as it closed in on the American vessel.