The group of five people built two facilities to produce sarin and mustard gas, using instructions from another Al-Qaeda group, spokesman Mohammed al-Askari told a news conference.
The members of the cell were prepared to launch attacks domestically, and also had a network to smuggle the toxins to neighbouring countries, and also to Europe and North America, Askari said.
The arrest of the cell members was possible because of cooperation between Iraqi and foreign intelligence services, he added.
Saddam Hussein's forces used poison gas to attack the Kurdish town of Halabja in 1988, killing an estimated 5,000 people.
Al-Qaeda front group the Islamic State of Iraq is still active in the country, launching regular attacks against both the government and civilians.