The two powerful security portfolios have long been a source of tension among Iraq's feuding political factions, and the failure to agree on the nominees marked the latest in a series of delays in forming a unified government that can confront the Islamic State extremist group.
The parliament session was held as the U.S. Carried out an airstrike near Baghdad for the first time since launching an aerial campaign in early August, and French warplanes flying from the United Arab Emirates began reconnaissance missions over Iraq.
"The failure of the parliament to agree on the candidates to fill the posts of interior and defense ministers shows clearly that the gap among and inside political groups are still huge and that each bloc is pursuing its own ambitions," said lawmaker Mutashar al-Samarie.
"I think that the posts of defense and interior minister should be kept away from sectarian power sharing. Iraq's problems in Iraq can be solved only by bringing independent and efficient people to fill ministerial posts."
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Hamid al-Mutlaq, a Sunni lawmaker, said that many lawmakers felt the two nominees were "not qualified" to hold the key posts at a time when much of the country's north and west has fallen under the control of extremists and allied militants.
"What we need are professional persons who have expertise in security and army issues," said al-Mutlaq.
Shiite lawmaker Mohammed Saadoun expressed hope that new nominees will be presented at the next parliamentary session on Thursday.