The jihadist group claimed the attack in the southern port city via the encrypted messaging app Telegram, adding that a Yemeni suicide bomber had detonated the vehicle.
Aden's security chief told AFP: "Eight members of the security forces and two civilians were killed in a car bombing in the central district of Abdul Aziz."
"There are a large number of wounded, some of them in serious condition," Brigadier Shalal Shaya said, attributing the blast to a car bomb.
The Zayed bin Sultan mosque, which is located near the security office and funded by the United Arab Emirates, was also damaged in the attack.
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The United Arab Emirates, which has trained government forces in southern Yemen, is a key member of a Saudi-led military coalition.
The coalition intervened in Yemen in March 2015 with the aim of rolling back gains made by Iran-backed Huthi rebels and restoring the government of Abedrabbo Mansour Hadi to power.
IS also claimed a major attack in Aden on November 5 that killed 35 people, sparking a hostage crisis in a city that had seen a period of relative calm in the war-torn country.
The Yemen war has killed more than 8,650 people, the majority civilians, and pushed the country to the brink of famine.
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