The Islamic State group claimed responsibility for the attack in a statement released via the Telegram messaging app.
The assault was the second time in a month that suicide attackers have targeted the capital, which has been insulated from the worst of the violence in the war-torn country.
State news agency SANA quoted Interior Minister Mohammad Shaar saying both of those killed were police officers.
Two of the suicide bombers detonated their explosives in front of the police HQ on Khaled Bin al-Walid street in central Damascus, his ministry said in a statement carried by state media.
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Police surrounded a third attacker behind the building who also blew himself up, the statement said.
The interior ministry said two people had been killed and six wounded in the attack, among them two children.
The Britain-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported five dead, not including the three attackers.
IS in its statement on Telegram said two attackers "entered the headquarters building and fought with those inside... then detonated their explosive vests".
"One of our forces grabbed one of the suicide bombers and prevented him from entering the building, so he blew himself up, killing the sergeant," Ismail said.
It was the second time this month that suicide attackers have targeted police in the capital. At least 17 people were killed in an October 2 attack on a police station in the southern district of Midan.
That attack was also claimed by IS, which said three fighters armed with guns, grenades and explosives had targeted the station.
Damascus has been shaken by several bomb attacks, despite being largely spared from the worst of the violence in the six-year war.