Gabriele Del Grande, 34, was clapped in cuffs by Turkish police on April 9 during interviews with people who had fled the war-torn neighbouring country for a book he is writing on the conflict and the birth of the Islamic State (IS) group.
The foreign ministry in Rome said in a statement that the journalist had managed to speak to his relatives by telephone on Tuesday but that "this is obviously not enough".
European Parliament President Antonio Tajani, an Italian politician, also called for Del Grande's immediate release.
Del Grande, who is also a blogger, writer and human rights activist, was detained at an identification centre in Hatay in southern Turkey before being transferred to Mugla in the country's southwest, Italian media reported.
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"My documents are in order, but I have not been able to nominate a lawyer, nor have I been told when I will be released," he was quoted as telling his family.
While he said he had not been harmed, the reporter said his telephone and other personal belongings had been confiscated and he had been "interrogated" on the content of his research.