Ahmadreza Djalali, who used to work at the University of Eastern Piedmont, was arrested on April 25, 2016 when in the Iranian capital for a conference, according to Italian media.
The foreign ministry in Rome said in a statement it had "activated its channels of communication with the Iranian authorities to highlight its extreme concern" about the 45-year-old.
Stressing his academic links, the ministry sought information about Djalali's detention -- he is reportedly in Tehran's notorious Evin Prison -- and asked "that he be quickly returned to his family".
Djalali worked at the University of Eastern Piedmont between 2012 and 2015 and also had employment in Belgium.
There has been no comment from Iranian officials or media about his case.