The 33-year-old actor will star in the US premiere of the play in December, having transferred from London's West End, reported Digital Spy.
The play received positive reviews for its original run, which starred Sally Hawkins and Rafe Spall.
'Constellations' follows the story of a couple in different parallel universes with varying outcomes and possibilities.
Gyllenhaal previously starred in Payne's play 'If There Is I Haven't Found It Yet off-Broadway' in 2012.
The 'Prisoners' actor was originally in line to star in the upcoming movie version of Broadway musical 'Into the Woods', but has since been replaced by Billy Magnussen.