Over 100 million pieces of garbage are thought to be whizzing around the planet, including cast-off equipment from old satellites and bits of rocket, which experts say pose a growing threat to future space exploration.
Scientists at the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) are testing an electrodynamic 'tether' - created with the help of a fishing net company - to slow the junk down and bring it into a lower orbit.
About 700 metres in length, the tether was due to be extended out from a cargo ship launched in December carrying supplies for astronauts at the International Space Station.
But JAXA says it is not sure if the tether, made from thin wires of stainless steel and aluminium, successfully deployed or not.
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JAXA will continue trying to remedy the situation before the cargo ship is expected to reenter the atmosphere on Saturday, the agency added.
A pricey ultra-high-tech satellite launched in February last year to search for X-rays emanating from black holes and galaxy clusters but was ultimately abandoned after researchers said contact with it had been lost.