Taneja, who previously headed Corporate Human Resources at diversified Essar Group, would be part of the airline's Executive Management Committee.
In recent times, some companies, especially in the e-commerce space, have been roping in executives for the post of Chief People Officer.
In his new role, 47-year-old Taneja would be "responsible for shaping the operations and performance of the group", Jet Airways said in a statement.
He would join the Executive Management Committee that has been tasked by the carrier's board of directors to drive the company's growth and future strategy, it added.
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"As the company (Jet Airways) moves to its next phase of evolution, we will support this through effectively channeling our human capital to further enhance the guest experience and meet the organisation's growth objectives," Taneja said.
Taneja, who has more than 25 years of experience in various industries, would be based at Jet Airways' corporate headquarters in Mumbai and report to the CEO.
The airline, which has a fleet of 116 planes, operates flights to 73 destinations, including 22 abroad.