The service "foiled... a major destructive terrorist plot planned by a terrorist cell loyal to Daesh during November 2017," it said in a statement, using an Arabic acronym for IS.
The group had planned to carry out "several simultaneous terrorist attacks aimed at shaking national security, creating chaos and terrifying citizens," it said.
It did not specify the nationalities of those arrested, but said it had seized weapons and other materials that were to be used in the attacks.
The suspects were referred to the public prosecutor and charged with planning "terrorist acts", among other charges.
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Jordan, a key US ally, has used its own air force and allowed US-led coalition forces to use its bases to battle IS in Iraq and Syria.
Thousands of Jordanians are believed to be followers of IS and Al-Qaeda.
The kingdom was hit by four attacks in 2016, including a suicide attack in June that killed seven guards near the border with Syria that was also claimed by IS.