Kevin Mallory, 60, of Leesburg was arrested last week and charged under the federal Espionage Act. According to court documents, customs agents found him with USD 16,500 in undeclared cash earlier this year on a return trip from China.
Prosecutor John Gibbs said wigs, fake moustaches and other elements of disguise were found in a bedroom closet in Mallory's home last week.
"The Chinese government would have a great incentive to get him out of the country," Gibbs said.
Mallory is an Army veteran who speaks fluent Mandarin and worked as a special agent for the Diplomatic Security Service at the State Department, according to an FBI affidavit. He held a top-secret security clearance while he worked at other government agencies and contractors, and was familiar with espionage tradecraft, according to the affidavit.
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A CIA spokesman declined comment on whether Mallory ever worked for the agency.
Mallory later told the FBI that he met with two people from a Chinese think tank, the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, that he now believes were Chinese intelligence agents. He said they had given him a special phone for transmitting documents.
According to the affidavit, Mallory told the FBI agents that the only documents he transferred were two unclassified "white papers" he had written on US policy matters, for which he said he was paid USD 25,000.
Federal public defender Geremy Kamens questioned whether the government is misinterpreting Mallory's actions. He pointed to parts of the FBI affidavit that show Mallory reached out voluntarily to old contacts at one government agency and offered details of his contacts with the Chinese.
The FBI, though, said Mallory never volunteered any information until after he was found with the cash.
"Mr Mallory is the straightest of straight arrows," Kamens said.
Prosecutors have the option to appeal the magistrate's decision to a district court judge.