Ukraine's chief military prosecutor Anatoliy Matios said investigators carried out 183 raids in the capital Kiev on property owned by Olexander Klymenko, the former minister for revenue and duties, who now lives in Moscow.
Investigators carried out raids in the Gulliver shopping mall and the pro-Russian Vesti media holding, of which Klymenko is a beneficiary.
Klymenko on Facebook described the raids as "banal banditry" by the government, while saying they had a "political rationale."
The illegal scheme saw USD 788 million transferred to private companies and then spent on luxury apartments, cars and office and retail premises, the military prosecutor said.
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"Nine of the main suspects are under arrest in a temporary detention facility," Ukrainian Interior Minister Arsen Avakov wrote on his Facebook page.
He said that Klymenko's assets would be "frozen until a final court decision that I expect will confiscate them for the benefit of the state."
Klymenko fled the country straight after a bloody revolution that took place in central Kiev in winter 2013-2014 and ousted pro-Russian president Yanukovych.
Soon afterwards, Klymenko was placed on the European sanctions list and his assets in the European Union were frozen.