Ved Ram Sahu was allegedly stabbed to death by Narendra Kumar Sahu (25) with a pair of scissors at Raipur Central Jail, Raipur Additional Superintendent of Police Vijay Agrawal told PTI.
Both were serving life imprisonments in separate cases, he said.
"After receiving information about the incident this evening, a police team reached the jail and rushed Ved Ram to a local hospital where doctors declared him brought dead," he said.
The accused has been arrested and a case has been registered against him, the ASP said, adding that further probe was underway.
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They had been in the jail from 2013 and 2010 respectively, he added.
"They were kept in barrack number 8 of the jail and both were sentenced to life imprisonment in separate murder cases," the DIG said.
As per the preliminary information, they had an altercation over some issue, following which Narendra attacked Ved Ram, leaving him dead, he said.
However, the matter is being investigated by the jail department, the DIG added.